Types
of Labor: ·
Artisan, craftsman, or tradesman ·
*Skilled
labor ·
*Unskilled
labor Worker organizations: ·
Industrial union ·
Trade unions ·
Federation of trade unions ·
Congress of industrial unions |
Types of payment to labor: ·
Wages ·
Contract work ·
Piecework Methods used by business during depressions[1] ·
*Layoffs (The word *fired is different.) ·
Wage reductions Housing
and labor ·
tenement |
Basic business terms: ·
*monopoly ·
Incorporation ·
Limited liability ·
Capital ·
Labor ·
Machinery ·
*globalization |
Methods used by labor to try to increase pay and safety (notice death rates) ·
*Unionization - union recognition[2] ·
Boycott ·
Strike ·
Sit-down strike 1950s+ application to segregation : ·
*Boycott ·
*Sit-in
|
Methods
used by business if a strike: ·
Strikebreakers ·
Arsenal |
Methods used for business: ·
Injunction |
Method used for labor: ·
Fair Labor Standards Act – *minimum wage/maximum hours (Note: professional
labor is exempt from this Act because they supervise themselves and are paid
more but work until the job is done.) ·
National Labor Relations Act |
||
Government - state: ·
*Governor
(executive branch) ·
Departments (executive branch) – such as the
attorney general ·
Assembly or legislature (legislative branch) ·
State courts (judiciary branch) |
Government
– National/federal: ·
*President
(executive branch) ·
*Departments
(executive branch) – such as the attorney general ·
Congress (legislative branch) ·
Judiciary/courts (judiciary branch) o
*Supreme
Court and the Constitution o
Federal courts ·
Federalism |
Constitution
and the Bill of Rights: ·
*assemble
“peaceably,” freedom to ·
*speech,
freedom of ·
*the
press, freedom of ·
petition, freedom of ·
jury, trial by ·
*march
on Washington ·
*civil
disobedience –also read page 389 on Thoreau and 1019 on M.L. King Types/parts of legal documents: ·
amendment ·
article ·
*Bill
of Rights ·
code ·
*Constitution ·
law |
Governments – International: ·
League of Nations ·
*United
Nations With a new nation, *diplomatic recognition With other nations: ·
Treaty ·
*Covert
operations – See examples[3] |
||
Change in executive branch: ·
*commission
(FYI: 1st used with Interstate commerce) ·
ICC, FDA ·
SEC, AAA, FDIC, TVA ·
EPA (Nixon) Note:
there have also been new *departments
created such as Health,
Education and Welfare created in 1953 (with Education now separate). |
Constitution and civil rights: ·
*“due
process” (FYI: it is in the 5th
and 14th amendment) ·
*Segregation ·
*Desegregation ·
*Integration |
Constitution
and voting: ·
*15th
amendment – not limited by race (but by gender) ·
*19th
amendment – women (1920) ·
*Poll
tax –24th amendment forbids it (1964) ·
*26th amendment – 18-year olds (1971) |
Movements about Government: ·
Anarchism ·
*Socialism ·
*Capitalism ·
*Communism ·
*Fascism ·
*Assassination |
Movements,
force, and violence: ·
*Nativism, nativist ·
Immigrants ·
*Rioting ·
*Deportation |
Movements, force, and violence: ·
*Racism ·
Lynching ·
*Rioting ·
Internment camp ·
Concentration camp |
Actions by Governments: ·
Annexation ·
*Declaration
of war ·
Invasion ·
Surprise attack |
Governmental
types ·
Empire ·
*Republic ·
Constitutional Monarchy ·
Monarchy ·
Dictatorship |
Weapons
(notice time order): ·
Battleship ·
Submarine - Poison gas - Flame thrower - Tank ·
Firebomb and racism ·
*Atomic
bomb |
Economic developments: ·
Trust ·
“sound” money or Gold
Standard ·
*Consumerism ·
*Bank, run on ·
*Stock market crash |
Types of debt by farmers: ·
lien (South, crop-lien) ·
mortgage (Great Plains) ·
foreclosure Types of debt by consumers: ·
Layaway ·
*Credit
cards (in 1950s)/credit buying |
Widespread
use of inventions ·
Railroad ·
Trolley ·
Subway ·
Automobile ·
Telephone |
Economic
terms on taxes/tariffs: ·
*Tax, excise—including sales taxes ·
*Tax, income – 16th Amendment ·
*Tariff ·
Protective tariff |
Regions: ·
*Middle East or Mid East ·
*Far East ·
*Europe ·
*Latin America ·
*North America ·
*Central America ·
*South America |
1920s+
widespread use of: ·
Phonograph ·
Radio–CBS, NBC, later ABC ·
Movie and news reels 1950s
*Television-initially
CBS, NBC, ABC; 1980s cable—and
reporting on racism Sports (overlap with lists above): ·
Baseball ·
Basketball ·
Football |
Cohort issues[4] and laws with a chart below: ·
*Baby boomers (51-69 in 2015—earliest born in
1946) ·
*Gen X (35-50 in 2015—earliest born in 1965) ·
*Millennials (18-34 in 2015—earliest born in
1981) |
Laws related primarily to age (over 65 or a
child) or disability: ·
*Social Security ·
*Medicare |
Laws
related to other issues: ·
*GI Bill/Veterans benefits ·
*Medicaid (poverty) |
Cohort information and changes in our national debt
As far as domestic issues go in the
period from 1950 to 2000, you don’t have to memorize. You can understand a lot
by the age of the baby boomer—entertainment, whether they are having kids,
getting out of college, looking for a job, considering retirement or a second
career. The numbers on the national debt
in each of the years are from the prior textbook, Ayers American Passages.
Issue |
1950s |
1960s |
1970s |
1980s |
1990s |
2000-2008 |
2008-2016 |
National Debt |
Deficit 5 of
8 years |
1968 -$25 B –
largest since WWII |
$74 B – end
of Nixon and Carter 1971-wage
freeze; off gold standard |
5 5 $186B $156B |
For the
1990s, see table below. |
|
|
President |
1952-1956,
1956-1960 Dwight D. Eisenhower |
1960-1963
John F. Kennedy 1963-1964,
1964-1968 L.B. Johnson |
1968-1972,
1972-08/1974 R.M. Nixon; 08/1974-1976 Gerald Ford; |
1980-1984, 1984-1988 Ronald Reagan –lowers taxes in “supply side” theory[6] 1988-1992 George H. Bush |
1990-1992 – George H. Bush 1992-1996, 1996-2000 William Clinton |
2000-2004,
2004-2008 George W. Bush |
2008-2012,
2012-2016 – Barack Obama |
If born in
1945 |
a Baby Boomer is 5 years of age in 1950 |
15 years of
age in 1960 |
25 years of
age in 1970 |
35 years of age
in 1980 |
45 years of
age in 1990 |
55 years of
age in 2000 |
65 years of
age in 2010 |
If born in
1965 |
|
a Gen Xer is 5 years of age in 1960 |
15 years of
age in 1970 |
25 years of
age in 1980 |
35 years of
age in 1990 |
45 years of
age in 2000 |
55 years of age
in 2010 |
If born in
1981 |
|
|
|
a Millennial is 5 years of age in 1986 |
15 years of
age in 1996 |
25 years of
age in 2006 |
35 years of
age in 2016 |
Details
about the 1990-1997
$222B |
$297B
|
$255B |
$203B |
$25B |
1990 |
1992 |
1993 |
1994 |
1997 |
|
Copyright C. J. Bibus, Ed.D. 2003-2016 |
||
WCJC
Department: |
History – Dr.
Bibus |
|
|
Contact
Information: |
281.239.1577
or bibusc@wcjc.edu |
|
|
Last
Updated: |
2016 |
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WCJC Home: |
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[1] Depressions prior to 1900 were called Panics.
[2] Still done by election by the National Labor Relations Board—established by the National Labor Relations Act
[3] Examples of CIA covert (secret from whom?) operations in Iran (1953, p. 992) and how it blew up in 1979 (p. 1098), Guatemala (1954, p. 993), in Cuba (1961, January, p. 1000).
[4] The age ranges for these cohorts are from this article from Pew Research: http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/04/25/millennials-overtake-baby-boomers/
[5] The national debt is not specified in the section on the Bush term of 2000-2008, when the TARP crisis occurred. The general statement made about 2000-2008 is that George W. Bush “pushed through Congress a series of tax cuts, that, the White House said, were designed to assist the struggling economy. The budget surplus of the 1990s soon disappeared as a brief recession followed the end of the dot-com bubble. Record debt became one continuing legacy of the Bush era.” (page 872).
[6] See pages 1104-1106.