Cautions:
· Order matters, not dates. Dates are there so you do not deceive yourself about order of events. Tip: Nothing can cause something that happens after it.
· Facts are there to help you understand the whole. You do not have to recall all the facts. The Study Guide can help.
· This content determines the course of America for at least 200 years and part of it is still determining the course of events. Do not assume.
Tips:
· Use the Learning Quizzes for Lesson 2 before you use the Lesson.
· Use Ctrl-F to locate specific things. Example: if you wanted the Salem Witch Trial, try Ctrl-F with the word Witch.
·
Before you start to read, look over the table of
contents. You can also click on a link and go directly to it:
|
Lesson 2 – Use the Learning Quiz on the Map 1st. 11.
Representative
colonies and individuals:
·
Roger
Williams (later founds Rhode Island) ·
Anne
Hutchinson
17.
Parliament
and king as England’s government 18.
Servitude
and rebellion – Use the Learning Quiz
on Scarcity and Surplus 1st ·
Virginia
and Africans and indentured servants (later landless freemen) pre-1660 and
post-1660 ·
Bacon’s
Rebellion of English landless freeman – what happens and why |
Table of Contents
Tip: In
class, we will start with the 2 “Types of…”topics and then New England.
Types of People and Servitude or
Being Free
English
History and the Early Settlement of the Colonies
Early
Colonies in the South – c. 1607 to 1630s (Including events with Native
Americans)
1607 Chesapeake Bay colony –
Virginia
1634 Chesapeake Bay colony – Maryland – The 2 things that are
different from Virginia?
Early
Colonies in New England c. 1620 to 1630 (Including events with Native
Americans)
Splintering
from Massachusetts Bay - Roger
Williams - Rhode Island.
Splintering
from Massachusetts Bay - Anne
Hutchinson
Splintering
from Massachusetts Bay – Thomas Hooker and 3 congregations form colony of
Connecticut
Remaining
New England Colonies (and Future States) c. 1629
Early New
England Colonies and Native Americans
English History in the
Middle of the 1600s
Colonial
Events in Response to These English Events
The Middle Colonies—Between
New England and the South and Settled Later Than Both
Splintering
from New York – New Jersey
Splintering
from Pennsylvania - Delaware
The Chesapeake (Virginia and
Maryland) and Introduction of Slave Codes Beginning in the 1660s
The
Carolinas – beginning in the 1660s
Late
Events in Virginia, the Carolinas, and New England (Including Native American
Events)
1670 -1715
Carolinas and Native Americans.
1676
Virginia and Bacon’s
Rebellion—and Native Americans
1676 New
England and the War with Native Americans (King Phillip’s War or Metacomet)
Other
Events in New England The last half of the 1600s were hard on New England:
· Charter colony - The king gave a
business a charter and the business was the owner of the colony and its
government followed that of a joint-stock corporation with shareholders. The
two charter colonies were Virginia and Massachusetts Bay.
· Proprietary colony – The king gave
land to a friend or friends and the friend was the owner of the colony and
determined its government. Except for Maryland, the proprietary colonies
occurred after 1660.
· Royal colony – The first royal colony
had been a charter colony (Virginia) that went bankrupt and the king could not
leave the people without government so he sent a governor.
|
Type |
Who
Gives Power? |
To
Whom? |
Who
Rules There? |
Who
Pays for Government? |
|
Charter |
|
|
|
|
|
Proprietary |
|
|
|
|
|
Royal |
|
|
|
|
· Freeman
(including free blacks)
· Indentured servant (English and—until
1660 when the law changed—Africans.
Note: Africans who had started out as servants and worked off their term of
service became free and they were still free when the 1660 law was written.
o
Length
of time, restrictions, results at end of service
· Slave (initially Africans and later
African Americans—Africans who were born in the Americas.)
o
Differences
between New England and South
o
Differences
between slavery as practiced in Africa and by the English
o
Differences
between slave trading after the rising market for labor in the colonies
(“middle passage”) – more mechanized and different nations involved
o
Caution: Native Americans are also defeated by the English colonists
in war and sold in the slave trade.
· Elizabeth and James I and monarchs’
policies about colonies and about the religions of settlers in the colonies
· English traditions (Magna Carta and Parliament) and the
development of legislative,
elected assemblies
(a pattern increased by joint-stock companies-Why? the clue: shareholders)
·
Type: Charter/joint-stock – Virginia Company
·
Religion: Not an issue in this settlement, but
officially Church of
England (Anglicans are Christians > Protestants > members of the
Church of England.)
·
Key Figure during what is commonly called the
“starving time”: John Smith
·
Key Terms: c.
1619: headright,
tobacco, General Assembly (AKA House of
Burgesses), Africans sold into the region (some as indentured servants, some as
slaves) See the Primary on Anthony
Johnson. See this link from the Learning Quizzes on what
is different before 1660 and after 1660.
·
Key Figure following bankruptcy (1625) and
Virginia becoming a royal colony: Sir William Berkeley (arrived 1642)
·
Native American Encounters: Initial conflict because of settlers
stealing food from Indians (John Ratcliffe incident).
1622 attack by Indians killing ¼ of settlers; retaliation by settlers and their
decimating the Indian population.
[1]Video:
Settling the Southern
Colonies Search Word: Anthony -This applies
to Maryland’s economy as well.
Tip: Virginia and Maryland are talked
about as the Chesapeake Bay colonies
because the colonies are located around the Chesapeake Bay.
·
Type: Proprietary
·
Religion: haven for Roman Catholics – but Protestants became more numerous
(Catholics are Christians > Catholics.)
·
Key Figure: Sir George Calvert, Lord Baltimore
·
Key Terms: small
farms granted to
settlers, tobacco
Note: They first left England in 1608 to go to Holland (the Dutch) which allowed religious freedom.
·
Type: Meant to be a settlement within the Virginia Company
territory, but off course and the ship lands in the north.
·
Religion: Separatists (Separatists are Christians >
Protestants > Calvinists.)
Tip: Separatist – They
want to separate from the Church of England.
·
Key Figure: William Bradford
·
Key Terms: General Court (an assembly), but only male church members
were members of the Court
·
Key Document: Mayflower Compact – Why required? See
above where they were supposed to land.
·
Famous Phrase: “just and equal laws” – for
themselves and the “strangers” (non-Separatists and—in the view of Bradford—a
rough group) among them when they landed. If you do not understand why offering
“just and equal laws” to a rough group was very smart, please ask. If you do
not know the power of the word just and
of the word equal, please ask.
·
Native American Encounters: Settled in an Indian village
(emptied by disease)
·
Other Name: Pilgrims
·
Type: Charter/joint-stock
– Massachusetts Bay Company (but action with charter)
·
Religion: Puritans (Puritans are Christians
> Protestants > Calvinists.) Established as a theocracy.
Tip: Puritan – They
want to stay in the Church of England but purify it.
·
Key Figure: John Winthrop
·
Key Terms: General Court (an assembly, a legislature)
- all male church members, even those not owning shares, were voters – Why
would that be a problem to the mother country?
·
Famous Phrase: “city upon a hill”
Video: Settling the New England Colonies Search
Word: a hill (as in a city
upon a hill) Tips: words utopia and theocracy
·
Type: Initially unchartered
·
Religion: Allows freedom of religion in the
colony
·
Key
Figure: Roger Williams, banished by Massachusetts Bay
·
Key Terms: Governed by heads of household
·
Famous Phrases: “forced worship…stinks in God’s
nostrils”
Forcing others to have your religion – “soul rape”
Desire for land “as great a God with us English as Gold was a God with the
Spanish”
·
Other Views of Williams which
Massachusetts rejected:
·
Native
Americans own their land
·
Native
Americans—and others—have the right to their own religion
·
Separation
of church and state
·
Native American Encounters: Williams purchased land from the
Indians—and did not have problems with them
Video: Settling the New England Colonies Search
Word: Williams
Anne
Hutchinson—banished following a trial in Massachusetts, has followers but she
does not found a colony.
Video: Settling the New England Colonies Search
Word: Hutchison – It is misspelled in the video
·
Similarities with Massachusetts Bay: a theocracy
·
Difference: voting not just for church members
·
Famous Phrase:
“the foundation of authority is laid, firstly, in the free consent of
the people…”
·
New
Hampshire to Captain John Mason but later a royal colony;
·
Maine
to Sir Ferdinando Gorges but later part of Massachusetts
·
Efforts
to convert and isolate Indians – “praying towns”
·
1636
– massacre (what does that word mean?) by Puritans; then Pequot War; then
treaty ending that war
Caution: The French and Dutch do not treat Native
Americans as to the Spanish and the English. Both are involved with the fur trade.
(What does that tell you about what their actions have to be?)
·
Charles
I (eventually beheaded by vote of Parliament) and the Civil War and Oliver Cromwell’s Puritan
Commonwealth – a theocracy
·
Political
positions
·
Religious
positions
·
1649
Maryland passed the Act of Toleration making belief in the trinity sufficient
to be allowed religious freedom for Catholics – The Catholics are trying to
protect their own religious freedom.
·
1654
Maryland, now dominated by Puritans, ended that protection for Catholics.
·
End
of the Puritan Commonwealth and Restoration of the dead king’s son (Charles II)
– a monarchy again
·
Political
positions and trade and
colonies as a safe
focus for the monarchy
·
Religious
positions
Video: Diversifying British America Search Word: the first words “the best poor man’s country.
Initially colony of The Netherlands – many ethnic groups, many religions. Attacked by English.
·
Type:
Proprietary
·
Religion: Very diverse, including Jews (small
group)
·
Key Figure: King’s brother James, Duke of York (and thus renamed
New York)
Video: Diversifying British America Search
Word: Dutch and after the takeover also Zenger
·
Type:
Proprietary - a gift from the Duke of York to two friends, one being a native
of the isle of Jersey (thus named New Jersey)
Note Sylvania means
woods—thus Penn’s woods.
·
Type: Proprietary, but freemen (those paying taxes,
owning property) elected
council and assembly
·
Religion:
open to most but a haven for members of the Society of Friends, or Quakers (Quakers are
Christians > Protestants>Church of England—rejection of.) – Cruelly persecuted.
·
Key Figure:
William Penn
·
Key Terms: egalitarian (male and female), pacifists, no church
hierarchy
·
Famous Phrases: “tremble at the word of the Lord”
and belief in the “Inner Light”
·
Native American Encounters: Penn
purchased land from the Indians—and Pennsylvania did not have problems with
them for 50 years
Video: Diversifying British America Search
Word: Penn – very short
description
1704 – Chose its own legislature
(governor was the same as Pennsylvania)
·
We will
discuss the Primaries related to this. They are in this lesson.
·
See
this link from the Learning Quizzes on what
is different before 1660 and after 1660.
Video: Settling the Southern Colonies Search
Word: Anthony and Bacon
Carolinas is
the Latin word for Charles II, the current king. 1 colony but divided between
North Carolina and South Carolina in 1712. Both became royal colonies later.
·
Type: Proprietary
·
Religion: religions freedom (unless from Rhode
Island)
·
Key Terms: Barbados (where many came from); headrights, rice,
shipbuilding materials (like tar)
Caution: The colony will follow the Barbados pattern with
slaves and will have a high concentration of slaves compared to whites and will
by the 1730s have a slave rebellion
(covered in Lesson 3).
Video: Distinctive Society Search
Word: tribal (on community in the South and on African slavery differing
from colonial slavery in the English colonies)
Video: Distinctive Society Search
Word: majority
The colony is
named Georgia for King George II, the current king.
·
Type: proprietary with 21 trustees
·
Religion: Not an issue in this colony
·
Key Figure: James Oglethorpe
·
Key Terms: buffer colony, a colony for what
they called the “worthy poor.” Initially no slaves, no rum, and small plots of
land. Later on, slaves, rum, and large plots of land.
50,000 Native Americans sold into slavery by English settlers.
Situation
in 1676:
·
Large planters had bought up lands except for inland.
·
¼ of free white men in Virginia were
landless. As Governor Berkeley noted,
they were “poor, indebted, discontented and armed.”
See this link from the Learning
Quizzes on what
is different before 1660 and after 1660 in the South.
Conflicts
at multiple
levels:
·
Native Americans against the landless
·
Wealthy planters against landless servants, small
farmers, and even slaves
·
Berkeley (royal governor) against Bacon (leader of the
rebellion)
·
Berkley (and the trade with the Indians for deerskin)
against Bacon (leader of those who wanted land)
Native Americans were reduced
to poverty and the fur trade gone. In the war, they lacked food and ammunition.
This
war killed—proportionally—incredible numbers of people, with some historians
stating it killed more people than any conflict in America since then.
· 1662 – “Half-way” covenant – Their children did have the intense religious encounter with God that their parents felt they had had. The solution was to admit them into the church and government “half-way.”
· 1691 – They were no longer a charter colony, but were turned into royal colony and were governed by a British official. They were required to practice religious toleration of religious dissenters. Previously, they had persecuted other religions (such as Quakers).
· 1692 – Salem Witch Trial – The culmination of pressures such as the ones above and also worn-out land and pressures on the economy, the Salem Witch Trial resulted in the death of 20 people. Accusations were enough. To use a phrase from a former professor of mine, how do you prove that you had not visited your accuser in the middle of the night and flown them up in the air?
Notes about English History after 1689—but they
do not change the events on the prior webpages
·
Charles
II dies. His brother James II becomes king—and had a Catholic 2nd
wife and Catholic baby and he is no longer king. This is the Glorious
Revolution and Parliament
has more power. Tip: The
ideas justifying this revolution
are the used to justify the American Revolution.
·
In
1714, the last of the
available English kings dies and the nearest blood kin are German, the Hanovers—thus
George I, II, and III. . Tip: George III is the king at the time of the American
Revolution
·
Political
positions and the limited focus for the
monarchy
·
Religious
position – Any English king or queen must be a Protestant.
|
Copyright
C. J. Bibus, Ed.D. 2003-2021 |
|
WCJC Department: |
History – Dr. Bibus |
|
Contact Information: |
281.239.1577 or bibusc@wcjc.edu |
|
Last Updated: |
2021 |
|
WCJC Home: |
[1] One of several videos in the Video folder that can help you. The search words tell you how to find that content.