What We Will Cover for the period from 1607 to 1730s 

Cautions:

·        Order matters, not dates. Dates are there so you do not deceive yourself about order of events. Tip: Nothing can cause something that happens after it.

·        Facts are there to help you understand the whole. You do not have to recall all the facts. The Study Guide can help.

·        This content determines the course of America for at least 200 years and part of it is still determining the course of events. Do not assume.

Tips:

·        Use the Learning Quizzes for Lesson 2 before you use the Lesson.

·        Use Ctrl-F to locate specific things. Example: if you wanted the Salem Witch Trial, try Ctrl-F with the word Witch.

·        Before you start to read, look over the table of contents. You can also click on a link and go directly to it:

Lesson 2 – Use the Learning Quiz on the Map 1st.

11.   Representative colonies and individuals:

  • Massachusetts – two Calvinist colonies Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay
  • Massachusetts Bay dissenters and why

·        Roger Williams (later founds Rhode Island)

·        Anne Hutchinson

  • Maryland and Catholics
  • William Penn, Pennsylvania, Quakers
  • Virginia, a planter economy

17.   Parliament and king as England’s government

18.   Servitude and rebellion – Use the Learning Quiz on Scarcity and Surplus 1st

·        Virginia and Africans and indentured servants (later landless freemen) pre-1660 and post-1660

·        Bacon’s Rebellion of English landless freeman – what happens and why

 

Table of Contents

Tip:  In class, we will start with the 2 “Types of…”topics and then New England.

Types of Colonies. 2

Types of People and Servitude or Being Free. 3

English History and the Early Settlement of the Colonies. 3

Early Colonies in the South – c. 1607 to 1630s (Including events with Native Americans) 3

1607 Chesapeake Bay colony – Virginia. 3

1634 Chesapeake Bay colony – Maryland – The 2 things that are different from Virginia?. 4

Early Colonies in New England c. 1620 to 1630 (Including events with Native Americans) 4

A Caution. 4

1620 Plymouth. 4

1629 Massachusetts Bay Colony. 4

Splintering from Massachusetts Bay - Roger Williams - Rhode Island. 4

Splintering from Massachusetts Bay - Anne Hutchinson. 5

Splintering from Massachusetts Bay – Thomas Hooker and 3 congregations form colony of Connecticut 5

Remaining New England Colonies (and Future States) c. 1629. 5

Early New England Colonies and Native Americans. 5

English History in the Middle of the 1600s. 5

Colonial Events in Response to These English Events. 5

English History after 1660. 5

The Middle Colonies—Between New England and the South and Settled Later Than Both. 6

New York. 6

Splintering from New York – New Jersey. 6

Pennsylvania. 6

Splintering from Pennsylvania - Delaware. 6

Late Colonies in the South. 6

The Chesapeake (Virginia and Maryland) and Introduction of Slave Codes Beginning in the 1660s. 6

The Carolinas – beginning in the 1660s. 6

Georgia—beginning in 1732. 7

Late Events in Virginia, the Carolinas, and New England (Including Native American Events) 7

1670 -1715 Carolinas and Native Americans. 7

1676 Virginia and Bacon’s Rebellion—and Native Americans. 7

1676 New England and the War with Native Americans (King Phillip’s War or Metacomet) 7

Other Events in New England  The last half of the 1600s were hard on New England: 7

 Types of Colonies

·       Charter colony - The king gave a business a charter and the business was the owner of the colony and its government followed that of a joint-stock corporation with shareholders. The two charter colonies were Virginia and Massachusetts Bay.

·       Proprietary colony – The king gave land to a friend or friends and the friend was the owner of the colony and determined its government. Except for Maryland, the proprietary colonies occurred after 1660.

·       Royal colony – The first royal colony had been a charter colony (Virginia) that went bankrupt and the king could not leave the people without government so he sent a governor.

Type

Who Gives Power?

To Whom?

Who Rules There?

Who Pays for Government?

Charter

 

 

 

 

 

Proprietary

 

 

 

 

 

Royal

 

 

 

 

 

 

Types of People and Servitude or Being Free

·       Freeman (including free blacks)

·       Indentured servant (English and—until 1660 when the law changed—Africans. Note: Africans who had started out as servants and worked off their term of service became free and they were still free when the 1660 law was written.

o   Length of time, restrictions, results at end of service

·       Slave (initially Africans and later African Americans—Africans who were born in the Americas.)

o   Differences between New England and South

o   Differences between slavery as practiced in Africa and by the English

o   Differences between slave trading after the rising market for labor in the colonies (“middle passage”) – more mechanized and different nations involved

o   Caution: Native Americans are also defeated by the English colonists in war and sold in the slave trade.

English History and the Early Settlement of the Colonies

·       Elizabeth and James I and monarchs’ policies about colonies and about the religions of settlers in the colonies

·       English traditions (Magna Carta and Parliament) and the development of legislative, elected assemblies (a pattern increased by joint-stock companies-Why? the clue: shareholders)

Early Colonies in the South – c. 1607 to 1630s (Including events with Native Americans)

1607 Chesapeake Bay colony – Virginia

·       Type: Charter/joint-stock – Virginia Company

·       Religion: Not an issue in this settlement, but officially Church of England (Anglicans are Christians > Protestants > members of the Church of England.)

·       Key Figure during what is commonly called the “starving time”: John Smith

·       Key Terms: c. 1619: headright, tobacco, General Assembly (AKA House of Burgesses), Africans sold into the region (some as indentured servants, some as slaves) See the Primary on Anthony Johnson. See this link from the Learning Quizzes on what is different before 1660 and after 1660.

·       Key Figure following bankruptcy (1625) and Virginia becoming a royal colony: Sir William Berkeley (arrived 1642)

·       Native American Encounters: Initial conflict because of settlers stealing food from Indians (John Ratcliffe incident). 1622 attack by Indians killing ¼ of settlers; retaliation by settlers and their decimating the Indian population.

 

[1]Video: Settling the Southern Colonies   Search Word:  Anthony  -This applies to Maryland’s economy as well.   

 

Tip: Virginia and Maryland are talked about as the Chesapeake Bay colonies because the colonies are located around the Chesapeake Bay.

1634 Chesapeake Bay colony – Maryland – The 2 things that are different from Virginia?

·       Type: Proprietary

·       Religion: haven for Roman Catholicsbut Protestants became more numerous (Catholics are Christians > Catholics.)

·       Key Figure: Sir George Calvert, Lord Baltimore

·       Key Terms:  small farms granted to settlers, tobacco

Early Colonies in New England c. 1620 to 1630 (Including events with Native Americans)

Caution  Do not assume about freedom of religion or religious freedom or whatever term you use for this concept.

1620 Plymouth

Note: They first left England in 1608 to go to Holland (the Dutch) which allowed religious freedom.

·       Type: Meant to be a settlement within the Virginia Company territory, but off course and the ship lands in the north.

·       Religion: Separatists (Separatists are Christians > Protestants > Calvinists.)
Tip: Separatist – They want to separate from the Church of England.

·       Key Figure: William Bradford

·       Key Terms: General Court (an assembly), but only male church members were members of the Court

·       Key Document: Mayflower Compact – Why required? See above where they were supposed to land.

·       Famous Phrase: “just and equal laws” – for themselves and the “strangers” (non-Separatists and—in the view of Bradford—a rough group) among them when they landed. If you do not understand why offering “just and equal laws” to a rough group was very smart, please ask. If you do not know the power of the word just and of the word equal, please ask.

·       Native American Encounters: Settled in an Indian village (emptied by disease)

·       Other Name: Pilgrims

1629 Massachusetts Bay Colony

·       Type: Charter/joint-stock – Massachusetts Bay Company (but action with charter)

·       Religion: Puritans (Puritans are Christians > Protestants > Calvinists.) Established as a theocracy.
Tip: Puritan – They want to stay in the Church of England but purify it.

·       Key Figure: John Winthrop

·       Key Terms: General Court (an assembly, a legislature) - all male church members, even those not owning shares, were voters – Why would that be a problem to the mother country?

·       Famous Phrase: “city upon a hill”

 

Video:  Settling the New England Colonies   Search Word:  a hill   (as in a city upon a hill) Tips: words utopia and theocracy 

 

Splintering from Massachusetts Bay - Roger Williams - Rhode Island

·       Type: Initially unchartered

·       Religion: Allows freedom of religion in the colony

·       Key Figure: Roger Williams, banished by Massachusetts Bay

·       Key Terms: Governed by heads of household

·       Famous Phrases: “forced worship…stinks in God’s nostrils”
Forcing others to have your religion – “soul rape”
Desire for land “as great a God with us English as Gold was a God with the Spanish”

·       Other Views of Williams which Massachusetts rejected:

·       Native Americans own their land

·       Native Americans—and others—have the right to their own religion

·       Separation of church and state

·       Native American Encounters: Williams purchased land from the Indians—and did not have problems with them

 

Video:  Settling the New England Colonies   Search Word:  Williams  

 

Splintering from Massachusetts Bay - Anne Hutchinson

Anne Hutchinson—banished following a trial in Massachusetts, has followers but she does not found a colony.

 

Video:  Settling the New England Colonies   Search Word:  Hutchison – It is misspelled in the video

 

Splintering from Massachusetts Bay – Thomas Hooker and 3 congregations form colony of Connecticut

·       Similarities with Massachusetts Bay: a theocracy

·       Difference: voting not just for church members

·       Famous Phrase:  the foundation of authority is laid, firstly, in the free consent of the people…”

Remaining New England Colonies (and Future States) c. 1629

·       New Hampshire to Captain John Mason but later a royal colony;

·       Maine to Sir Ferdinando Gorges but later part of Massachusetts

Early New England Colonies and Native Americans

·       Efforts to convert and isolate Indians – “praying towns”

·       1636 – massacre (what does that word mean?) by Puritans; then Pequot War; then treaty ending that war

Caution:  The French and Dutch do not treat Native Americans as to the Spanish and the English. Both are involved with the fur trade. (What does that tell you about what their actions have to be?)

English History in the Middle of the 1600s

·       Charles I (eventually beheaded by vote of Parliament) and the Civil War and Oliver Cromwell’s Puritan Commonwealth – a theocracy

·       Political positions

·       Religious positions

Colonial Events in Response to These English Events

·       1649 Maryland passed the Act of Toleration making belief in the trinity sufficient to be allowed religious freedom for Catholics – The Catholics are trying to protect their own religious freedom.

·       1654 Maryland, now dominated by Puritans, ended that protection for Catholics.

English History after 1660

·       End of the Puritan Commonwealth and Restoration of the dead king’s son (Charles II) – a monarchy again

·       Political positions and trade and colonies as a safe focus for the monarchy

·       Religious positions

The Middle Colonies—Between New England and the South and Settled Later Than Both

Video:  Diversifying British America    Search Word:  the first words “the best poor man’s country.

New York

Initially colony of The Netherlands – many ethnic groups, many religions. Attacked by English.

·        Type:  Proprietary

·        Religion: Very diverse, including Jews (small group)

·        Key Figure: King’s brother James, Duke of York (and thus renamed New York)

 

Video:  Diversifying British America    Search Word:  Dutch   and after the takeover also Zenger

Splintering from New York – New Jersey

·        Type:  Proprietary - a gift from the Duke of York to two friends, one being a native of the isle of Jersey (thus named New Jersey)

Pennsylvania

Note Sylvania means woods—thus Penn’s woods.

·        Type: Proprietary, but freemen (those paying taxes, owning property) elected council and assembly

·        Religion:  open to most but a haven for members of the Society of Friends, or Quakers (Quakers are Christians > Protestants>Church of England—rejection of.) – Cruelly persecuted.

·        Key Figure:  William Penn

·        Key Terms: egalitarian (male and female), pacifists, no church hierarchy

·        Famous Phrases: “tremble at the word of the Lord” and belief in the “Inner Light”

·       Native American Encounters:  Penn purchased land from the Indians—and Pennsylvania did not have problems with them for 50 years

 

Video:  Diversifying British America    Search Word:  Penn – very short description 

Splintering from Pennsylvania - Delaware

1704 – Chose its own legislature (governor was the same as Pennsylvania)

Late Colonies in the South

The Chesapeake (Virginia and Maryland) and Introduction of Slave Codes Beginning in the 1660s

·       We will discuss the Primaries related to this. They are in this lesson.

·       See this link from the Learning Quizzes on what is different before 1660 and after 1660.

 

Video: Settling the Southern Colonies   Search Word:  Anthony and Bacon

The Carolinas – beginning in the 1660s

Carolinas is the Latin word for Charles II, the current king. 1 colony but divided between North Carolina and South Carolina in 1712. Both became royal colonies later.

·        Type: Proprietary

·        Religion: religions freedom (unless from Rhode Island)

·        Key Terms: Barbados (where many came from); headrights, rice, shipbuilding materials (like tar)
Caution: The colony will follow the Barbados pattern with slaves and will have a high concentration of slaves compared to whites and will by the 1730s have a slave rebellion (covered in Lesson 3).

Video:  Distinctive Society   Search Word: tribal (on community in the South and on African slavery differing from colonial slavery in the English colonies)  

 

Video:  Distinctive Society    Search Word:  majority 

Georgia—beginning in 1732

The colony is named Georgia for King George II, the current king.

·        Type: proprietary with 21 trustees

·        Religion: Not an issue in this colony

·        Key Figure: James Oglethorpe

·        Key Terms: buffer colony, a colony for what they called the “worthy poor.” Initially no slaves, no rum, and small plots of land. Later on, slaves, rum, and large plots of land.

Late Events in Virginia, the Carolinas, and New England (Including Native American Events)

1670 -1715 Carolinas and Native Americans

50,000 Native Americans sold into slavery by English settlers.

1676 Virginia and Bacon’s Rebellion—and Native Americans

Situation in 1676:

·       Large planters had bought up lands except for inland.

·       ¼ of free white men in Virginia were landless.  As Governor Berkeley noted, they were “poor, indebted, discontented and armed.”
See this link from the Learning Quizzes on what is different before 1660 and after 1660 in the South.

 

Conflicts at multiple levels:

·       Native Americans against the landless

·       Wealthy planters against landless servants, small farmers, and even slaves

·       Berkeley (royal governor) against Bacon (leader of the rebellion)

·       Berkley (and the trade with the Indians for deerskin) against Bacon (leader of those who wanted land)

1676 New England and the War with Native Americans (King Phillip’s War or Metacomet)

Native Americans were reduced to poverty and the fur trade gone. In the war, they lacked food and ammunition.

This war killed—proportionally—incredible numbers of people, with some historians stating it killed more people than any conflict in America since then.

Other Events in New England
The last half of the 1600s were hard on New England:

·        1662 – “Half-way” covenant – Their children did have the intense religious encounter with God that their parents felt they had had. The solution was to admit them into the church and government “half-way.”

·        1691 – They were no longer a charter colony, but were turned into royal colony and were governed by a British official. They were required to practice religious toleration of religious dissenters. Previously, they had persecuted other religions (such as Quakers).

·        1692 – Salem Witch Trial – The culmination of pressures such as the ones above and also worn-out land and pressures on the economy, the Salem Witch Trial resulted in the death of 20 people. Accusations were enough. To use a phrase from a former professor of mine, how do you prove that you had not visited your accuser in the middle of the night and flown them up in the air?

Notes about English History after 1689—but they do not change the events on the prior webpages

·        Charles II dies. His brother James II becomes king—and had a Catholic 2nd wife and Catholic baby and he is no longer king. This is the Glorious Revolution and Parliament has more power. Tip: The ideas justifying this revolution are the used to justify the American Revolution.

·        In 1714, the last of the available English kings dies and the nearest blood kin are German, the Hanovers—thus George I, II, and III. . Tip: George III is the king at the time of the American Revolution

·        Political positions and  the limited focus for the monarchy

·       Religious position – Any English king or queen must be a Protestant.

 

Copyright C. J. Bibus, Ed.D. 2003-2021

 

WCJC Department:

History – Dr. Bibus

Contact Information:

281.239.1577 or bibusc@wcjc.edu

Last Updated:

2021

WCJC Home:

http://www.wcjc.edu/

 



[1] One of several videos in the Video folder that can help you. The search words tell you how to find that content.