Tips: To save you time and increase your grade, look at the yellow. There are big changes in three issues:
What’s on This Webpage?
Overview
of the Era and Its Presidents – Use this as a
summary and look for the yellow to save time.
Presidency
and Decline of Economic Nationalism – Only notice the yellow.
1.
Election
of 1800 and the peaceful
transfer of power.
·
The
Federalist Party lost the election; they went home.
·
The
Democratic-Republicans won, but did not try
to undo Federalist actions like the National Bank.
2.
President
Thomas Jefferson (1800-1808) - Virginian
·
Reduction
in taxes –but still able to buy the Louisiana Purchase
·
Ending
of the slave trade when its
constitutional protection of 20 years ended. (Slavery remains.)
·
European
war (France and Britain and their allies) becomes US issue with impressment of
our sailors (think of it as slavery by sea)
3.
President
James Madison (1808-1816) – Virginian –dominated by the War of 1812 with the
British
·
Native
Americans as allies with the British in their last attempt to get their land
back, but it fails, leading to removal of
Native Americans in the North. (Covered in Lesson 4)
·
Battle
of New Orleans after the end of the
war and how Andrew Jackson becomes
famous
4.
President
James Monroe (1816-1824) –Virginian
(last of the so-called Virginia dynasty)
·
Era of
Good Feelings
·
Monroe Doctrine, its purpose and author
·
Missouri Compromise and how new land and slavery came to a
crisis in 1820
5.
President
John Quincy Adams (1824-1828)
·
Election
of 1824--so-called “corrupt bargain” (a case of Jacksonian voters not
understanding how politics had worked since 1800) and rise of Andrew Jackson
·
From
his administration on, a decline of
economic nationalism
6.
Election
of 1828, conditions leading to it:
·
Use of
public conventions to choose candidates (Parties previously used a caucus—a
different meaning than the modern usage.)
·
Rise of
universal white male suffrage. (How did so many white men get the vote?
States decreased property requirements to vote and this
increased the number of white male voters. This begins in Jefferson’s time and
escalates in Jackson’s. States vary; in the North some free blacks vote.)
7.
President
Andrew Jackson (1828-1836)
·
The “spoils system” and its increasing volatility as
Jacksonians (and later others) got federal jobs to do year round campaigning.
·
Veto of
the national bank (and later recession)
·
Removal
of the Cherokee (“Trail of Tears” – ¼ die on forced march to Oklahoma. Had
their own written language and Constitution.) Removal of Native Americans in the South.
·
Attempt
by South Carolina to “nullify” a national law about a tariff and how Jackson crushed that attempt
(Could states block a national law against slavery?)
·
Newly-independent
Texas asks to be annexed, but its slavery means it is too volatile a time.
Background on economic nationalism: In the first years of the new nation after the Constitution was written, Alexander Hamilton pushed for national economic policies—laws passed by Congress—to improve the national economy. He focused on 2 national laws:
· national bank
· protective tariffs
. A 3rd form of economic nationalism was internal improvements. See the Learning Quizzes on state and national internal improvements to transportation.
The major parties favoring economic nationalism begin with the Federalists pre-1800. There is no other political party until they develop below. Military heroes are in this color—and in future years there will be more military heroes as candidates.
Why? Because North and South following the 1820s and beyond are so divided that the political parties need to find candidates who are:
·
Well-known as a name or personality
– something that a battle can make happen
·
Unknown for what they believe
politically – so they cannot be
Senators or Representatives
Click here for the numbers showing the North will become the majority Look at the numbers. Link Address: http://www.cjbibus.com/1820_Slave_Free_Stats.jpg)
The South is outnumbered because immigrants will not move there and because the South’s birth population rates are low.
Issue |
Pre-1800 |
Circa
1800 |
Circa
1820 |
Circa
1840 and Beyond |
Protection of slavery and slave
trade |
The
Constitution protects the slave trade (for 20 years) and slavery--but
the Constitution can be amended and protections can end at the date in the
Constitution |
At the end of the 20 years, the end of the slave trade
during Jefferson’s term. |
Northern population and representatives higher than the South after
1820. (The numbers are in a link above.) |
The solution to avoid
argument—rigorously keeping
the # of Senators from slave states and from free states the same. |
BUT slavery and worn out land |
1783 to Miss. River; Northwest Ordinances
– no slavery |
Louisiana.
Purchase – understood to be no
slavery in this area at line (latitude) as the Northwest
Ordinances had already been set up |
Missouri-planters
(slave holders with a plantation) who move into this section
of the Louisiana Purchase and submit their territory
for statehood. The North is shocked.
Lesson 4 shows that having slaves
without new and productive land is just a cost—it’s just overhead, not an
asset. |
The solution that the North
requires—no
slaveholders can move into the Louisiana Purchase above the bottom line of Missouri. Implications: The South has nowhere to go to get new land to
maintain their wealth.. This solution will hold until 1856.
|
Representation in the House and
the Senate |
3/5s Compromise – helps the South only with the
House of Representatives and the Electoral College |
Territories becoming states for
the North and South. Reminder: a
state gets 2 Senators. |
Missouri Compromise over the Louisiana Territory means: ·
not just no more land for slave holders ·
but also—Notice this!--no more
Southern Senators or Representatives from that Territory. |
Blocked in the United States,
the South looked for other ways to expand their land and their Senators and
Representatives. One example was Cuba, a Spanish colony that
had slavery. |
Use this only if you need detail:
· Click here for what the Constitution does to protect slave owners. Link Address: http://www.cjbibus.com/1789_Plus_Constitution_Clauses_on_Slavery.htm
There are several shifts in suffrage (voting) and in
politics:
Other things are going on as well to alter voting
that your book does not cover. Examples:
Issue |
Pre-1800 |
Circa
1800 |
Circa
1820 |
Circa
1840 and Beyond |
Selection of candidates |
Done by a caucus (a meeting) of
all current members of Congress. |
Done by a caucus (a meeting) of
all current members of Congress. |
Shifted to conventions (mass
meetings of delegates who made—then--surprise decisions). Jackson added the spoils system where
supporters of the winning candidate got a federal job. They were expected
also to constantly campaign. |
Politicians added the convention system and the “spoils system.” |
Selection of military heroes as
candidates |
Washington as revered military
hero. |
Battle of Tippecanoe (Hero: W.H.
Harrison) War of 1812 (Hero: A. Jackson) |
Jackson starts the new pattern.
Why a military hero? They have name recognition but no one knows their views
as they do a Congressman’s views. |
This continues to the Civil War
and resumes after it. |
Increase in voters |
Had been more voting in the
colonies than in than England |
Had been more voting in the West
than the East because land was required for voting and land was easier to get
in the West. |
By the 1820s, there is universal white male
suffrage – any white male could vote |
This continues in this era. |
Issue |
Pre-1800 |
Circa
1800 |
Circa
1820 |
Circa
1840 and Beyond |
A history of Revolution |
American Revolution Shays’s Rebellion leading to the
Constitutional Convention – Stopped by a mercenary army paid by merchants in
Massachusetts. Whiskey Rebellion --Suppressed an army
led by Washington |
Generally a favorable response in
the US to the Latin American revolutions, but to Haiti – a slave rebellion that overthrew the French
planters and stopped (along with yellow fever) the French army (One positive
is it encouraged Napoleon to sell Louisiana Territory to us.) |
The Monroe Doctrine is primarily an issue of
stopping foreign powers taking over the new republics (such
as Mexico who succeeded in revolutions against Spain.). It says—in brief—we will consider a takeover of a
republic by an empire (like the French) to be a treat to us and we will
intervene. (Note: Do not get confused. The
Monroe Doctrinechanges twice after 1900.) |
With the slavery issue increasing,
we do not talk about revolution as a positive. On the other hand, we had stopped
both Shays’s and the Whiskey Rebellion. Further, the Constitution says it
guarantees a “republican” form of government to the states. In other words, you can vote out a government you
do not like, but you cannot shoot it out. |
Nullification (to void at state
level a national law) or secession (to leave the Union) threat |
Threatened nullification but it
did not happen because the Federalist Party lost in the next election. The
Federalists violated freedom of speech/press, something protected in the
Constitution. (The laws are called the Alien & Sedition Acts.) |
Secession threat over War of 1812
(NE) |
Nullification of tariff (but done
as a hope for a method to protect slavery); Jackson & Congress stop
secession. For Southerners trying to continue
to have slaves, this might have made it possible of the Northerners who had a
much greater population voted to end the protections for slavery in the
Constitution. |
The Southern method of
nullification will not work in face of opposition of both Congress and the
executive branch. |
Click on the endnotes (such as IV below) if you want details.
Issue |
Pre-1800 |
Circa
1800 |
Circa
1820 |
Circa
1840 and Beyond |
End of slavery |
1776 and black hopes for freedom. Northern states were
abolishing slavery, with the first example being Pennsylvania. |
Gabriel (VA)[i] Colonization movement
developing to send freed slaves to Africa[ii] |
In the South,
slave insurrections
(attempts to escape and sometimes attempts to kill whites)[iii] In North, abolition developing[iv] |
From now on, the end of slavery is
discussed only in North
and only by few.
In the coming years, those against slavery will increase. In the coming years, the South
allowed no one to speak against slavery. |
[i]
1800, Gabriel, slave, blacksmith, VA, est. 1000 slaves. Expected support from
poor whites. Whites warned. 26 hanged.
[ii]
1816 American Colonization Society to send “free blacks back to Africa.” 1822 1st
to Liberia in Africa
[iii] Slave insurrections:
·
1811, Charles Deslondes, a slave overseer, trusted - Louisiana Territory, est. 200
slaves. Killed whites.
Response: Army, militia, civilians. The death count on slaves killed and
beheaded is about 100.
· 1822, Denmark Vesey, free black, Charleston, South Carolina. Plan was to kill whites and to flee to Haiti. Response: 34 executed.
·
1831, Nat Turner, overseer and preacher, trusted - Southampton, VA, est. Killed
57 whites.
The death count of slaves was widespread. Following this rebellion laws on
slave control changed in the South
[iv] Abolitionists developing, including:
· 1829 David Walker, African American clothing store owner, MA, David Walker’s Appeal
· 1831+ William Lloyd Garrison, white newspaper editor, The Liberator, MA, American Anti-Slavery Society
· 1845+ Frederick Douglass, escaped slave, writer, lecturer in England, newspaper editor, The North Star
Copyright C. J.
Bibus, Ed.D. 2003-2020 |
WCJC Department: |
History – Dr. Bibus |
Contact Information: |
281.239.1577 or bibusc@wcjc.edu |
Last Updated: |
2020 |
WCJC Home: |
http://www.wcjc.edu/ |