Click here if you want the prof’s textbook version explained in class. Link Address: http://www.cjbibus.com/Topics_1302_Gilded_Age_Lesson_1_TBversion.pdf
Lesson 1—like the other Lessons—provides a copy of the section of the Study Guide for this lesson.
Key Background on
the Gilded Age—and the Future 1.
13th
amendment 2.
Defeat
of the South, but Andrew Johnson 3.
Southern
black codes and race riots 4.
Reconstruction,
and military reconstruction 5.
14th
amendment ·
“due
process” and states ·
citizenship
- and why necessary 6.
15th
amendment 7.
Scandals
in Grant’s terms 8.
Election
of 1876, Compromise of 1877, and troops Lesson 1 -------------------------------------------------------------- 9.
Republican
Party, policy pre-Civil War/post-secession 10.
Republican
party, early years of Gilded Age 11.
Rise
of Industrial Capitalism and: ·
Rockefeller
and his industry ·
Carnegie
and his industry ·
Horizontal
integration / vertical integration ·
Monopoly,
trust (and anti-trust) 12.
Rise
of financial capitalism and J.P. Morgan 13.
Technology
1877-1887 (mainly for new industries) 14.
Technology
1887-1893 (mainly for urban life) 15.
North,
workers in big business ·
Average
work week/pay/living costs for laborers ·
Child
labor – why? ·
Types
of Unions ·
Strikes
(Haymarket, Homestead, Pullman) 16.
Prohibition
(WCTU) – President Frances Willard (1873 to end of the 1800s and beyond) |
The items about the end of the Civil War and about Reconstruction are in date order and from the in-class quiz at the beginning the course:
1 |
Amendment to the Constitution that ended slavery – 13th |
2 |
Defeat of the South and surrender at Appomattox |
3 |
Southern state legislatures create black codes; race riots in the South against blacks |
4 |
Amendment to the Constitution that required states (not just Congress) to follow “due process” – 14th |
5 |
Amendment granting the vote to all males – 15th |
6 |
Reconstruction, including military |
7 |
Rising corruption in the federal government 1868-1876 and rising violence against black voters in the South |
8 |
Election of 1876, Compromise of 1877, and Union troops out of the South |
From a novel in the early 1870s, The Gilded Age and most associated with humorist Mark Twain. Want to understand this better? Look up these 2 words in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary:
· The phrase golden age
· The word gild or gilded
The first 4 laws listed are in time order and all are passed by the Republicans during the Civil War while all of the South is out of the Union. The fifth is in 1873. These laws will major issues throughout Unit 1 (and beyond) and they help some and hurt others. The first row shows an example. Symbols Used: ü = the law helps. X = the law hurts
Regions and Groups and Consequences of These Laws Laws |
Northeast |
Northwest |
Southeast |
Southwest |
New West |
Farmer with land |
Farmer landless |
Factory Owner |
Skilled Worker |
Unskilled Worker |
Railroad Owner |
Railroad Worker |
Creditor |
Debtor |
Middle Class Professional |
Protective tariff |
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Homestead Act |
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Railroad building subsidized by land grants (Called internal improvements in US History I) |
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National banking system and a uniform currency |
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1873 Currency and gold standard |
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The party of Lincoln that ended slavery changed to
corruption (shown in blue) with newspapers being the ones to expose them. For
examples, click on 1867_1877_Andrew
Johnson_to_Hayes Color Coded to Show Trends. (Link Address: http://www.cjbibus.com/1867_1877_AJohnson_to_Hayes1pageColorCoded.htm)
Video: The Gilded Age Search Word: corruption - 1st use “golden age of American corruption”
Video: The Gilded Age Search Word: summary
Horizontal and vertical integration are still legal issues in mergers.
· Meaning of Industrial Capitalism
· Prior legal concepts used for new purposes:
o Incorporation
o Trusts – and Anti-Trust (not until 1895)
· Horizontal (Rockefeller) integration (all the oil) and examples of how he created monopoly:
o Rebate
o Drawback
o And counting his nails
· Vertical (Carnegie) integration (all from the mines to the mills to transport)
· Control of the industry by bankers
· Major figure - J.P. Morgan - remains powerful until the crash of 1929
· Railroads – the first to fall under the control of finance capitalism because of over-building
1870 |
Standard Oil –
John D. Rockefeller |
1873 |
Carnegie Steel – Andrew
Carnegie |
1876 |
Thomas Alva Edison
– |
1877 |
Alexander Graham
Bell – telephone Patent: phonograph
< What’s a patent? |
1878 |
Patent: typewriter < Why need? Why QWERTY keyboard? |
1879 |
Patent: cash
register < Why need? |
1880-11 |
1880s Trends,
Railroad – pool, short haul, long haul |
For more, click on Study Tool:
Chronological Events of the 1877-1887 Era Link Address: http://www.cjbibus.com/1877_1887_Hayes_to_Cleveland.htm
·
elevator
·
skyscraper – Louis Sullivan
·
suburbs
·
subways
·
tenement
·
tenement, dumbbell
What’s happening to
farming? Mid-West |
1873 $1.16/bushel
− wheat 1874 $0.95/bushel 1889 $0.70/bushel 1874 $0.64/bushel
− corn 1875 $0.42/bushel |
South |
1867 – 33% farms –
tenancy 1900 – 70% farms –
tenancy tenant – tenant “owned”
crop sharecropper – owner
“owned” crop furnish merchant –
interest to 50% |
|
1870 – 3.1M cotton
bales 1880 – 5.7M cotton
bales 1881 $0.11/pound
− cotton (10 cents/pound break even) 1890 $0.085/pound 1894 $0.046/pound |
· Page 2 – Averages, national
Pre-1900 60-hr., 6 day/week - 20 cents/hr. if skilled. 10 cents/hr. if not
Average income - $400-$500/yr.
Minimum cost of living – family of $4 = $600/yr.
· Page 2 – Factory, South
12 hrs/day – frequently women/children
½ pay rate of North
Two different approaches to organizing workers:
o Knights of Labor
o
American Federation of Labor
Before looking at the table/chart, what do these words mean?
o Pinkertons
o State militia
o
Federal troops
·
Without answers for self-testing: Comparison of
Labor Events from 1874 through 1893 – and to the End of the 1890s
·
With answers for observing patterns: Comparison with Answers
Purpose: Notice where is the labor unrest and
in what industries. Notice how strikes are stopped—is that what you expected to
be the method?
· Haymarket – 1886 Chicago - What’s anarchism? Socialism?
Video: Labor’s Struggle Search Word: Haymarket
· Homestead – 1892 Pennsylvania – A
Carnegie plant.
Video: Labor’s Struggle Search Word: Homestead
· Pullman – 1894 Pullman, Illinois –
Company town (away from other working places) with a factory making Pullman
cars. Lowering of wages, but not lowering of prices in the company store or the
rent on houses. Strike, observations by the governor of the state (Altgeld).
Lowering of wages remains.
Video: Labor’s Struggle Search Word: Pullman
WCTU
(Women’s Christian Temperance Union) from about 1873 to the end of 1800s, but
they still exist today
· Leader: Frances Willard (gender?)
· Major Issue: Temperance – with the
Anti-Saloon League developing later and the result of the 18th
Amendment (for a while)
· Later Issue: Women’s suffrage