Unit 2 does not have a traditional test. Click here
for how it works.
Use the 1st 3 Learning Quizzes throughout the Unit. 1.
Why the
Progressive Era? Response to Gilded Age industrialization ·
By all
levels of government: city, state
(initiative, referendum), federal (increasing use of commissions, but names
vary) ·
In the
Constitution–Populist-proposed, Progressive-passed, 1913 16th
(income tax) & 17th (direct election, Senators) ·
By the
Free Press & Muckrakers–McClure’s Magazine;
Examples: Ida Tarbell (Standard Oil) , Upton Sinclair (meatpacking), Lincoln
Stephens (city government) 2.
Progressive
Era foreign policy ·
T.
Roosevelt/TR (Rep.) 1901-1904, 1904-1908 - Panama Canal, Roosevelt Corollary
to the Monroe Doctrine (background on sovereign debt) ·
W.H.
Taft (Rep) 1908-1912–Dollar Diplomacy in Asia & Latin America ·
W.
Wilson (Dem), 1912-1916, 1916-1920 - Intervention in Mexico and counter by Pancho Villa 3.
Progressive
domestic policy–Theodore Roosevelt ·
Trust
policy-Northern Securities case–“public interest” ·
Labor
policy-Square Deal & the coal strike ·
Consumer
Protections – Example: FDA & Meat Inspection Act 4.
Progressive
domestic policy–W.H. Taft (1908-1912), primarily on-going political fights
with TR; split in the Rep party] 5.
4 way
split in 1912–TR, Taft, Wilson, & E.V. Debs (Socialist) 6.
Progressive
domestic policy–Woodrow Wilson on privileges: ·
Trust
policy–Federal Trade Commission ·
Bank
policy-Federal Reserve & currency ·
Tariff–lowered;
income tax, later as amendment 7.
Progressive
era & groups forming and changing ·
Caution: increased anti-immigrant, anti-African American ·
W.
Wilson, 1st time segregation in DC federal jobs ·
Factories-increasing
mechanization since Henry Ford’s assembly line but increased pay ($5 a day
men) ·
Women-suffragettes
(DC parade) |
Response
to Gilded Age Industrialization as It Damages Social and Political Life
Governmental
Reform at All Levels
Reform
by the Free Press (and Its Middle Class Readers)
Foreign
Policy of the 3 Presidents in the Progressive Era
Foreign
policy -Theodore Roosevelt
Foreign
Policy - William Howard Taft
Foreign
Policy - Woodrow Wilson (but not including World War I)
Domestic
Policy, Labor, and Trusts – Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1908)
Domestic
Policy – W.H. Taft (1908-1912)
Election
of 1912 – a 4-Way Split
Domestic
Policy, Labor, Trusts, and Tariffs (and Income Tax) – Woodrow Wilson
(1912-1920)
Government as the
Only Counter to Big Business and Trusts – Letting Theodore Roosevelt Speak for
Many
“trusts are the creatures of the
State, and the State not only has the right to control them, but it is in duty bound to control them wherever the need
of such control is shown.” Theodore
Roosevelt August 23, 1902 Link Address: http://www.theodore-roosevelt.com/images/research/txtspeeches/16.txt |
·
City–
commission (group of experts), city manager
·
State–initiative,
referendum
·
Federal–increasing
use of commissions (names vary)
·
Constitution–Populist-proposed,
Progressive-passed, 1913 16th (income tax) & 17th
(direct election, Senators)
· McClure’s Magazine
· Muckrakers such as:
· Ida Tarbell (Standard Oil) – gender?
· Upton Sinclair (meatpacking)
· Lincoln Stephens (city government)
Date |
Presidential
Election/Event |
Beyond America/
Foreign Policy |
1900-11 |
William McKinley vs. William Jennings Bryan |
|
|
|
Canal: Britain gives up right to participate in canal |
1901-09 |
McKinley, assassinated by anarchist; T.R. President |
|
1901-11 |
|
Canal: Congress, favors Nicaraguan route, later Panama |
1902 |
|
US Navy into Venezuela – German & British debt collection in region |
1903 |
|
Canadian-US boundary – arbitration + “big stick” |
1903-10 |
|
Canal:
Panama
zone from, but not ratified by
Columbian Senate |
1903-11 |
|
Canal:
|
1904-11 |
Theodore
Roosevelt vs. |
|
1904-12 |
|
|
1905 |
|
Far
East: T.R. in ending Russo-Japanese War ( |
1907-02 |
|
“Gentleman’s Agreement” |
1908-11 |
|
|
Date |
Presidential Election/Event |
Beyond America/ Foreign Policy |
1908-11 |
William Howard Taft vs. William Jennings Bryan |
“Dollar Diplomacy”-
Secretary of State Philander Knox – the “borrower is the servant of the
lender” |
1909 |
|
US investors into Honduras to block British |
1910 |
|
Far East: Attempted US investments in Manchuria |
1911-06 |
|
Canal: Require Nicaragua to give US control of customs, |
1912-08 |
|
Canal: Nicaragua revolt; US troops (through 1933) |
Date |
Presidential Election/Event |
Beyond America/ Foreign Policy |
1912-11 |
William Howard Taft vs. Woodrow Wilson vs. T. Roosevelt vs. E. V. Debs
(Socialist) |
|
1913 |
President speaks to Congress (on the tariff) – 1st time since
Jefferson’s precedent |
Mexico: Ongoing coups (since Taft), US Marines - Tampico and Vera Cruz
incidents |
1916 |
|
Not beyond America, but in America “Pancho” Villa |
Background: government positions in New York, Assistant Navy Secretary, Rough Rider, governor of New York,
- 1902 Square Deal – anthracite coal strike and an innovative use of Presidential power
- 1904 Northern Securities – how an innovative use of Presidential power and the “good”/”bad” trusts approach
- 1906 Upton Sinclair and the Pure Food and Drugs Act – and the FDA, a commission
- 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in New York City – Not a test question, but reality.
Background: Administrator who calmed the Philippines. He is caught between the Republican Party and T.R.
Democratic Party – Woodrow Wilson 6,286,214 435
Republican Party – William Howard Taft 3,483,922 8
Progressive (Bull Moose) Party – Theodore Roosevelt 4,126,020 88
Note: Avoided African American issues.
Socialist Party – E.V. Debs 897,011
Background: Professor, public speaker, President of Princeton, governor of New Jersey
- 1913 Tariff (Underwood)–lowered and use of an income tax to substitute for the revenue (declared unconstitutional, thus the amendment to the Constitution)
- 1913 Federal Reserve Act - determine the amount of money in circulation, respond to cyclical business changes, and expand or contract the nation's credit.
- 1914 Colorado -Ludlow Massacre– Not a test question, but reality.
- 1914 Clayton Anti-Trust Act – “Magna Carta of Labor”[1] – Not a test question, but reality
- 1914 Federal Trade Commission – pre-approval of mergers
- 1901 TR and Booker T. Washington at the White House (note the change in 1912) – Not a test question, but reality.
- 1906 “yellow peril,” segregation in California, and the “Gentlemen’s Agreement” with Japan – Not a test question, but reality.
- 1912 Election – He courts the Southern voters.
- Favors Plessy v. Ferguson
- WW’s segregation in Washington, DC and in federal jobs (a view held by Progressives other than WW)
- 1909 NAACP and The Crisis
- 1913 Women – suffragettes and a march on Washington
-
1903 Ford Motor plant that uses assembly line –
1914 5$ for an 8-hour day (a more
positive way to increase pressure on unions.)
[1] In regard
to labor and agriculture, the act specified that ‘the labor of a human being
is not a commodity or article of commerce; nothing
contained in the antitrust laws shall be construed to forbid the existence and
operation of labor, agricultural and horticultural organization … nor shall
such organizations be held or construed as illegal combinations….’”
Further: no “injunctions” against them unless “to prevent injury to
property,”
“strikes, peaceful picketing, and boycotts legal under federal
jurisdiction.” Encyclopedia of American History, p. 38